Annotation layers

- December 2016 -

TextPro (http://textpro.fbk.eu/) is a set of modules which perform pre-processing (web page cleaning) and a number of NLP tasks: tokenization, sentence splitting, morphological analysis, pos-tagging, lemmatization, chunking, named-entity recognition, time expression recognition, assignment of geographical coordinates to toponyms, dependency parsing, event and event factuality recognition, temporal relation recognition, and keyword extraction.

The input given to TextPro should contain only pure text (hub text, see the CES guidelines for corpus encoding: http://www.cs.vassar.edu/CES/CES1-5.html#ToCOview).
If a text contains any markup, this should be removed. Example of input file: 
Barack Obama was elected U.S. president in 2012.  
He'll complete his term in January 2017.

Pre-processing

CleanPro: HTML CLEANING

CleanPro enables the use of HTML input files by cleaning them. Using the -html option, all mark-up tags and irrelevant text (i.e. words used as navigation menu, common header and footer, etc.) will be removed from HTML pages, while the relevant text will be kept as input text for the other modules.

NLP processing

The output file produced by TextPro contains:
  • Header lines. Some meta information, such as the name of the file, the document's creation date, the author, etc., can be coded in the first lines. These lines begin with the special character #, followed by the name of the field and its value.
  • Annotation lines. They contain the output information of each token of the input file. TextPro uses tabular format with different columns separated by the tabular space. The Textpro tabular format is meant for the output of the modules, not to represent information about the structure of the text (e.g. titles, paragraphs, emphasis). The output of the different modules (except for KeyPro, see below) consists in adding one or more columns containing a value for each token. If a module does not have any output to give for a token, the specific column will contain the value __NULL__ for that token. List of all the TextPro annotation columns: token, tokennorm, tokenid, tokenstart, tokenend, tokentype, pos, full_morpho, comp_morpho, lemma, wnpos, chunk, entity, parserid, feats, head, deprel.

    The end of sentence is marked with an empty line.

    Example of header lines: 

    # FILE: example.txt
# ID: 000055740
# CY: US
# DNUM: 06002654
# DATE: 19991214
# KIND: A
# FIELDS: token	pos	lemma
    Example of annotation lines: 
    Barack	NP0	Barack
Obama	NP0	Obama
was	VBD	be
elected	VVN	elect
U.S.	NP0	u.s.
president	NN1	president
in	PRP	in
2012	CRD	2012
.	PUN	.
    The output reported above is obtained with the following command: $> textpro.sh -l eng -c token+pos+lemma -o /tmp/ example.txt

    TokenPro: TOKENIZATION

    TokenPro breaks up a text into elements called tokens (e.g. words, puntuations marks, etc.); when you call TokenPro, the system creates a column called token containing one token in each line.
    For instance, in the example below, the full stops "." are considered as single tokens just as all the words in the sentence. Example: 
    token
Barack
Obama 
was 
elected 
U.S. 
president 
in 
2012
. 

He
'll 
complete 
his 
term 
in 
January 
2017
.
    TokenPro can be fully customized from an XML configuration file, in order to define specific splitting rules or to define the behavior for specific UTF-8 symbols.

    The list of all the columns TokenPro can produce is the following:
    token: contains the token
    tokennorm: contains a normalized version of the token (for example, accents are normalized)
    tokenid: contains the ID given to the token by the system
    tokenstart: contains the offset indicating the first character of the token
    tokenend: contains the offset indicating the last character of the token
    tokentype: tokens are labeled according to six categories, i.e. UPP (uppercase), LOW (lowercase), CAP (capitalized), DIG (digit), PUN (punctuation), and OTH (other).
    token	tokennorm	tokenid	tokenstart	tokenend	tokentype
They	They		1	0		4		UPP
have	have		2	5		9		LOW
been	been		3	10		14		LOW
working	working		4	15		22		LOW
at	at		5	23		25		LOW
FBK	FBK		6	26		29		CAP
for	for		7	30		33		LOW
15	15		8	34		36		DIG
years	years		9	37		42		LOW
.	.		10	42		43		PUN

    SentencePro: SENTENCE SPLITTING

    SentencePro identifies sentence boundaries in a text; it marks the end of a sentence when a specific punctuation mark (for instance a full stop, a question mark, an exclamation mark, etc.) is found, unless it is part of a linguistic expression, like an abbreviation (as the full stops in "U.S." which stands for "United States") or an acronym. Example: 
    token
Barack
Obama 
was 
elected 
U.S. 
president 
in 
2012
. 

He
'll 
complete 
his 
term 
in 
January 
2017
.
    SentencePro can be fully customized from an XML configuration file, in order to define specific sentence-ending rules.

    TagPro: POS-TAGGING

    TagPro marks each word in a text with a PoS (e.g. noun, verb, adjective, etc.) according to a predefined tagset, i.e. a subset of the ELRA tagset for Italian (see Appendix A) and the BNC tagset for English (see Appendix B). Example: 
    token		pos
Barack		NP0
Obama		NP0
was		VBD
elected		VVN
U.S.		NP0
president	NN1
in		PRP
2012		CRD
.		PUN

He		PNP
'll		VM0
complete	VVI
his		DPS
term		NN1
in		PRP
January		NP0
2017		CRD
.		PUN

    MorphoPro: MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

    MorphoPro assigns morphological features (e.g. tense, person and number for verbs) to words in a text, with the possibility of disambiguating the possible morphological readings of a word in context. When you call MorphoPro, the system can create two different columns:

    - full_morpho provides all the possible morphological analyses for a token. For example, "bearing" can be a verb, a noun or an adjective:
    token	full_morpho
bearing	bear+v+gerund+pres bearing+n+sing bearing+adj+zero
    Note that the three morphological analyses in the example above are all contained in one colum separated by blanks (colums separators on the other hand, are tabs).

    - comp_morpho contains only the morphological anlysis/es that is/are compatible with the PoS tag selected by TagPro; in our example, TagPro selects a verbal tag (VVG), thus the only compatible morphological analysis is bear+v+gerund+pres:
    token	pos	comp_morpho
bearing	VVG	bear+v+gerund+pres

    Example: 
    token		full_morpho
Barack		__NULL__
Obama		__NULL__
was		be+v+indic+past
elected		elect+v+indic+past elect+v+part+past elected+adj+zero
U.S.		u.s.+pn
president	president+n+sing
in		in+prep in+adv in+n+sing in+adj+zero
2012		__NULL__
.		.+punc

He		he+n+sing he+pron
'll		will+v+indic+pres+_
complete	complete+v+indic+pres+no3sing complete+v+infin+pres complete+adj+zero
his		hi+n+plur his+adj+zero his+pron
term		term+n+sing term+n+plur term+v+indic+pres+no3sing term+v+infin+pres
in		in+prep in+adv in+n+sing in+adj+zero
January		january+pn january+n+sing
2017		__NULL__
.		.+punc

    token		pos	comp_morpho
Barack		NP0	__NULL__
Obama		NP0	__NULL__
was		VBD	be+v+indic+past
elected		VVN	elect+v+part+past
U.S.		NP0	u.s.+pn
president	NN1	president+n+sing
in		PRP	in+prep
2012		CRD	__NULL__
.		PUN	.+punc

He		PNP	he+pron
'll		VM0	will+v+indic+pres+_
complete	VVI	complete+v+infin+pres
his		DPS	his+adj+zero
term		NN1	term+n+sing term+n+plur
in		PRP	in+prep
January		NP0	january+pn
2017		CRD	__NULL__
.		PUN	.+punc

    LemmaPro: LEMMATIZATION

    LemmaPro selects a lemma (i.e. a normalized word form, such as the infinitive form for a verb) for words in a text. The module takes as input both the morphological analysis produced by MorphoPro and the PoS label assigned by TagPro, and applies linguistic rules to select the compatible lemma(s). Example: 
    token		pos	comp_morpho		lemma
Barack		NP0	__NULL__		Barack
Obama		NP0	__NULL__		Obama
was		VBD	be+v+indic+past		be
elected		VVN	elect+v+part+past	elect
U.S.		NP0	u.s.+pn			u.s.
president	NN1	president+n+sing	president
in		PRP	in+prep			in
2012		CRD	__NULL__		2012
.		PUN	.+punc			.

He		PNP	he+pron			he
'll		VM0	will+v+indic+pres+_	will
complete	VVI	complete+v+infin+pres	complete
his		DPS	his+adj+zero		his
term		NN1	term+n+sing term+n+plur	term
in		PRP	in+prep			in
January		NP0	january+pn		january
2017		CRD	__NULL__		2017
.		PUN	.+punc			.
    Mapping from TextPro POS-tag to WordNet POS-tag: The column wnpos contains a mapping betweenn the PoS-tagging label assigned by TagPro and the corresponding PoS label used in WordNet (https://wordnet.princeton.edu/), i.e. n (for nouns), v (for verbs), a (for adjectives), and r (for adverbs).

    For Italian (ELRA tagset):
    - n (noun): SS,SP,SN,SPN,YA,YF
    - v (verb): VI,VI+E,VIY,VIY+E,VF,VF+E,VFY,VFY+E,VSP,VSP+E,VSPY,VSPY+E,VPP,VPP+E,VPPY,VPPY+E,VG,VG+E,VGY,VGY+E,VM,VM+E,VMY,VMY+E
    - a (adjective): AS,AP,AN,DS,DP,DN
    - r (adverb): B

    For English (BNC tagset):
    - n (nouns): ITJ,NN0,NN1,NN2,NP0,UNC,ZZ0
    - v (verbs): VBB,VBD,VBG,VBI,VBN,VBZ,VDB,VDD,VDG,VDI,VDN,VDZ,VHB,VHD,VHG,VHI,VHN,VHZ,VM0,VVB,VVD,VVG,VVI,VVN,VVZ
    - a (adjective): AJ0,AJC,AJS,CRD,DPS,ORD;
    - r (adverbs): AV0,AVP,AVQ,XX0.

    Example: 
    token		pos	wnpos
Barack		NP0	n
Obama		NP0	n
was		VBD	v
elected		VVN	v
U.S.		NP0	n
president	NN1	n
in		PRP	__NULL__
2012		CRD	n
.		PUN	__NULL__

He		PNP	__NULL__
'll		VM0	v
complete	VVI	v
his		DPS	a
term		NN1	n
in		PRP	__NULL__
January		NP0	n
2017		CRD	n
.		PUN	__NULL__

    ChunkPro: CHUNKING

    ChunkPro groups words into flat (i.e. without nesting) syntactic constituents (e.g. nominal phrases, verbal phrases, etc.), providing both a shallow syntactic analysis of a text and an intermediate step toward full parsing.
    The module is available with pre-trained models in the news domain, for two languages, English and Italian.

    For Italian ChunkPro annotates syntactic chunks of the following types: NP (Nominal Phrases) and VX (Verbal Phrase).

    For English the list of syntactic chunks types is the following (from the Penn Treebank):

    - ADJP: Adjective Phrase;
    - ADVP: Adverb Phrase;
    - CONJP: Conjunction Phrase;
    - INTJ: Interjection (it corresponds approximately to the PoS tag UH);
    - LST: List marker (it includes surrounding punctuation);
    - NP: Noun Phrase;
    - PP: Prepositional Phrase;
    - PRT: Particle (it corresponds approximately to the PoS tag UH);
    - SBAR: Clause introduced by a (possibly empty) subordinating conjunction;
    - UCP: Unlike Coordinated Phrase;
    - VP: Verb Phrase.

    The colunm produced by the system (i.e. chunk) contains an IOB2 tag consisting of two parts:
    - the IOB2 tag: B (for "begin") denotes the first token of a Named Entity, I (for "inside") is used for all other tokens in a Named Entity, and O (for "outside") is used for all other tokens;
    - the tag indicating the type of chunk.

    Example:
    token		chunk
Mister		B-NP
Barack		I-NP
Obama		I-NP
was		B-VP
elected		I-VP
U.S.		B-NP
president	I-NP
in		B-PP
2012		B-NP
.		O

He		B-NP
'll		B-VP
complete	I-VP
his		B-NP
term		I-NP
in		B-PP
January		B-NP
2017		I-NP
.		O

    EntityPro: NAMED-ENTITY RECOGNITION

    EntityPro annotates named entities of the following types for English and Italian: Person (PER), Organization (ORG), and Location (LOC). Only for Italian, it further distinguishes entities of type Location (LOC) from entities of type Geo-Political entity (GPE). Only for English, it also annotates entities of type Miscellaneous (MISC).

    The colunm produced by the system (i.e. entity) contains an IOB2 tag consisting of two parts:
    - the IOB2 tag: B (for "begin") denotes the first token of a Named Entity, I (for "inside") is used for all other tokens in a Named Entity, and O (for "outside") is used for all other tokens;
    - the Entity type tag: PER (for Person), ORG (for Organization), GPE (for Geo-Political Entity), LOC (for Location), and MISC (Miscellaneous).

    Example: 
     

token		entity
Barack		B-PER
Obama		I-PER
was		O
elected		O
U.S.		B-LOC
president	O
in		O
2012		O
.		O

He		O
'll		O
complete	O
his		O
term		O
in		O
January		O
2017		O
.		O


    • TimePro: TIME EXPRESSION RECOGNITION

    TimePro annotates both absolute time expressions (e.g. "April 3rd 2016") and relative time expressions (e.g. "tomorrow") in a text.
    Temporal expressions are first classified (e.g. dates, durations, times) and then normalized according to the ISO-TimeML specifications.
    TimePro is available with pre-trained models in the news domain for Italian and English.
    It is trained on the EVENTI@Evalita2014 dataset for time expression recognition and classification. For time expression normalization we have adaptated timenorm library (https://github.com/bethard/timenorm) to Italian.

    For each token it produces the following columns:
    - tmx: it contains the type of the time expression type in IOB2 format (i.e. DATE, TIME, SET or DURATION);
    - tmxid: it contains the ID of the time expression;
    - tmxvalue: it contains the normalized value of the time expression.

    GeoCoder: GEOGRAPHICAL COORDINATES

    GeoCoder assigns geographical coordinates (e.g. latitude and longitude) to names of locations in a text, making their visualization on a map possible. Given the output of EntityPro, the module disambiguates a location using a repository of toponyms (i.e. GeoNames) as an index and, for each location, it provides both a fine grained category (e.g. City for "Honolulu") and its coordinates.


    SyntaxPro: DEPENDECY PARSING

    SyntaxPro assigns syntactic relations between words in a text based on syntactic dependencies. It is based on MaltParser, a transition-based dependency parser that induces a parsing model from a treebank and parses new data using the induced model. It has been trained on available treebanks for Italian. It uses MaltParser, a state-of-the-art data-driven dependency parser, trained on TUT (Turin University Treebank).

    For each token it adds the following information:
    - parserid: the ID of the token within the sentence
    - feats: the morphological features of the token
    - head: the ID of the head of the token
    - deprel: the label of the dependency between the token and its head

    EventPro: EVENT RECOGNITION

    EventPro is a module for event detection and classification in a text. It annotates events following the TimeML specifications and classifies them in one of the seven TimeML classes (REPORTING, PERCEPTION, I_ACTION, etc.). As an example, the word "annunciato" (announced) is an event of type REPORTING expressed by a verb, while the word "tagli" (cuts) is an event of type OCCURRENCE expressed by a noun. Both event recognition and classification are based on a statistical classifier. EventPro is available with pre-trained models in the news domain for Italian and English.

    For each token EventPro produces the following columns:
    - event: it provides the information whether the token is inside the span of an event in IOB2 format (B-EVENT, I-EVENT or O);
    - eventid: it provides the ID of the event;
    - eventclass: it provides the TimeML class of the event (OCCURRENCE, STATE, I_STATE, REPORTING, PERCEPTION, I_ACTION, ASPECTUAL).

    FactPro: EVENT FACTUALITY

    FactPro assigns a factuality value to each event mentioned in a text. Factuality is described through three attributes: polarity, certainty and event time. The annotation follows the framework used in Fact-Ita Bank. As an example, the event mentioned with "annunciato" has been classified with polarity=POS (the occurrence of the event has been affirmed), with certainty=CERTAIN (the source is certain about the event), and with event time=NON_FUTURE (the event has occurred in the past).
    FactPro is based on a statistical classifier. It is available with pre-trained models in the news domain for Italian.

    It is trained on Fact-Ita Bank (http://hlt-nlp.fbk.eu/technologies/fact-ita-bank). It describes the factuality of an event (detected by the EventPro module) through 3 attributes: polarity, certainty and time. For each token it adds the following information (as columns):
    - polarity: the polarity of the event (POL_POS, POL_NEG, O);
    - certainty: how certain the source is about the event (CERTAIN, UNCERTAIN, O);
    - evtime: when an event occured or will occur (NON_FUTURE, FUTURE, O).


    TempRelPro: TEMPORAL RELATION RECOGNITION

    TempRelPro identifies in a text the temporal relations holding between events and time expressions and classifies them following the TimeML specification. It identifies temporal relations of 13 different types (e.g. BEFORE, AFTER, INCLUDES, IS_INCLUDED, etc.); for example, in the sentence below we have a temporal relation of type IS_INCLUDED between the event "annunciato" (announced) and the time expression "ieri" (yesterday). The module is based on a statistical classifier. TempRelPro is available with pre-trained models in the news domain for Italian and English.
    This module is machine learning based and it has been trained on EVENTI@Evalita2014 dataset. It detects temporal relations between two events. between one event and one time expression and between two time expressions.
    A line is added in the header containing all the temporal relations extracted by the module:
    # TLINKS: (e1;IS_INCLUDED;tmx1) (tmx0;AFTER;tmx1)


    KeyPro: KEYWORD EXTRACTION

    KeyPro (formerly called KX) is a tool for key-phrase extraction, which exploits basic linguistic annotations combined with simple statistical measures to select a list of weighted keywords from a text. In the header lines, it produces a line in which # KEYWORDS: is followed by the most important keywords of the input text (in lower case). Each keyword is followed by <NUM1 NUM2>: NUM1 indicates the relevance of the keyword, while NUM2 indicates the number of occurrences of the keyword in the text. 
    # FILE: example.txt
# LANGUAGE: eng
# TIMESTAMP: 2016-10-06T18:08:15+0200
# KEYWORDS: barack obama <173.91 1> elected <51.2 1> president <49.28 1> january <47.84 1> term <47.79 1>
# FIELDS: token
Barack
Obama
was
elected
U.S.
president
in
2012
.

He
'll
complete
his
term
in
January
2017
.

    Appendix A: the ELRA tagset

    Italian Tag Description Example
    XPS punctuation . ; : ? !
    XPW comma ,
    XPB brakets ( )
    XPO quotation mark, ellipsis, hyphen `` '' - ... _
    N number 1, 1999, '76, sei, sesto
    RS singular article il, l', la, un, una
    RP plural article i, gli, gl', le
    AS singular qual. adj. vera, grandissimo, migliore
    AP plural qual. adj. vere, grandissimi, maggiori
    AN qual. adj. neutral for number rosa, più, super, antincendio
    DS singular det. adj. quello, alcuna, mio, quale?
    DP plural det. adj. quelli, alcune, miei, quali?
    DN det. adj. neutral for number qualsiasi
    E simple preposition di, a, dopo, fino, nonostante
    ES singular articulated preposition dal, sulla, nello
    EP plural articulated preposition dalle, sulle, negli, nei, ai
    B adverb molto, invece, esattamente
    C conjunction e, ma, bensı, sia, perché
    CCHE che che
    CCHI chi chi
    CADV connettivo avverbiale come, dove, quando
    PS singular pronoun ciascuna, lo, mio
    PP plural pronoun costoro, esse, nostri, loro
    PN pronoun neutral for number ci, cui, sé
    SS singular noun aereo, formula
    SP plural noun aerei, formule
    SN noun neutral for number attività, business, novità
    SPN proper noun Alfredo, Ford, Piombino
    QNS singular relative pronoun quanto, quanta
    QNP plural relative pronoun quanti, quante
    YA acronym ANSA, CEE, ONU
    YF foreign term city, fiesta, Papier
    I interjection oh!
    VI main verb, ind., subjunctive, cond. vedo, giungano, saprei
    VIY aux. verb, ind., subjunctive, cond. ho, sia, avrebbe
    VF main verb, inf. arrivare, vedere
    VFY aux. verb, inf. avere, essere
    VSP main verb, past part., singular acquisito, interrotto
    VSPY aux. verb, past part., singular avente, stato, stata
    VPP main verb, past part., plural arrivati
    VPPY aux. verb, past part., plural state
    VG main verb, gerund cantando, ringraziando
    VGY aux. verb, gerund avendo, essendo
    VM main verb, imperative cercate, leggi
    VMY aux. verb, imperative sia, abbia
    +E clitic ne, ci

    APPENDIX B: the BNC tagset

    English Tag

    Description
    AJ0

    Adjective (general or positive) (e.g. good, old, beautiful)
    AJC

    Comparative adjective (e.g. better, older)
    AJS

    Superlative adjective (e.g. best, oldest)
    AT0

    Article (e.g. the, a, an, no)
    AV0

    General adverb: an adverb not subclassified as AVP or AVQ (see below) (e.g. often, well, longer (adv.), furthest.
    AVP

    Adverb particle (e.g. up, off, out)
    AVQ

    Wh-adverb (e.g. when, where, how, why, wherever)

    CJC

    Coordinating conjunction (e.g. and, or, but)
    CJS

    Subordinating conjunction (e.g. although, when)
    CJT

    The subordinating conjunction that

    CRD

    Cardinal number (e.g. one, 3, fifty-five, 3609)
    DPS

    Possessive determiner-pronoun (e.g. your, their, his)
    DT0

    General determiner-pronoun: i.e. a determiner-pronoun which is not a DTQ or an AT0.

    DTQ

    Wh-determiner-pronoun (e.g. which, what, whose, whichever)

    EX0

    Existential there, i.e. there occurring in the there is ... or there are ... construction
    ITJ

    Interjection or other isolate (e.g. oh, yes, mhm, wow)
    NN0

    Common noun, neutral for number (e.g. aircraft, data, committee)

    NN1

    Singular common noun (e.g. pencil, goose, time, revelation)
    NN2

    Plural common noun (e.g. pencils, geese, times, revelations)
    NP0

    Proper noun (e.g. London, Michael, Mars, IBM)

    ORD

    Ordinal numeral (e.g. first, sixth, 77th, last) .
    PNI

    Indefinite pronoun (e.g. none, everything, one [as pronoun], nobody)
    PNP

    Personal pronoun (e.g. I, you, them, ours)
    PNQ

    Wh-pronoun (e.g. who, whoever, whom)
    PNX

    Reflexive pronoun (e.g. myself, yourself, itself, ourselves)
    POS

    The possessive or genitive marker 's or '
    PRF

    The preposition of
    PRP

    Preposition (except for of) (e.g. about, at, in, on, on behalf of, with)

    PUL

    Punctuation: left bracket - i.e. ( or [

    PUN

    Punctuation: general separating mark - i.e. . , ! , : ; - or ?

    PUQ

    Punctuation: quotation mark - i.e. ' or "

    PUR

    Punctuation: right bracket - i.e. ) or ]
    TO0

    Infinitive marker to

    UNC

    Unclassified items which are not appropriately considered as items of the English lexicon.
    VBB

    The present tense forms of the verb BE, except for is, 's: i.e. am, are, 'm, 're and be [subjunctive or imperative]
    VBD

    The past tense forms of the verb BE: was and were
    VBG

    The -ing form of the verb BE: being
    VBI

    The infinitive form of the verb BE: be
    VBN

    The past participle form of the verb BE: been
    VBZ

    The -s form of the verb BE: is, 's
    VDB

    The finite base form of the verb BE: do
    VDD

    The past tense form of the verb DO: did
    VDG

    The -ing form of the verb DO: doing
    VDI

    The infinitive form of the verb DO: do
    VDN

    The past participle form of the verb DO: done
    VDZ

    The -s form of the verb DO: does, 's
    VHB

    The finite base form of the verb HAVE: have, 've
    VHD

    The past tense form of the verb HAVE: had, 'd
    VHG

    The -ing form of the verb HAVE: having
    VHI

    The infinitive form of the verb HAVE: have
    VHN

    The past participle form of the verb HAVE: had
    VHZ

    The -s form of the verb HAVE: has, 's
    VM0

    Modal auxiliary verb (e.g. will, would, can, could, 'll, 'd)
    VVB

    The finite base form of lexical verbs (e.g. forget, send, live, return) [Including the imperative and present subjunctive]
    VVD

    The past tense form of lexical verbs (e.g. forgot, sent, lived, returned)
    VVG

    The -ing form of lexical verbs (e.g. forgetting, sending, living, returning)
    VVI

    The infinitive form of lexical verbs (e.g. forget, send, live, return)
    VVN

    The past participle form of lexical verbs (e.g. forgotten, sent, lived, returned)
    VVZ

    The -s form of lexical verbs (e.g. forgets, sends, lives, returns)
    XX0

    The negative particle not or n't

    ZZ0

    Alphabetical symbols (e.g. A, a, B, b, c, d)